Question 1: noun = Mathew Finders appositive = British explorer and navigator Note that in this case, the appositive precedes the noun (usually it follows). The sentence could have been written instead as Mathew Finders, a British explorer and navigator, was the first to chart the coastline. Question 2: I would say that the appositive here is non-essential (it makes sense even if it is left out): His father designed the bathyscaphe.
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AnonymousHis father Auguste Piccard designed the bathyscaphe.This one seems a bit dubious to me. Since there is only ever the possibility of having one father, shouldn't there be commas around "Auguste Piccard"?