I assume this should read "One must require from each one the duty which each one can perform."
I do not understand your question, though. Could you explain it?

I mean some parts of this sentence are just something like adj. You can understand the whole sentence without these words. And their position also can be changed ( maybe put them in the tail of the sentence), however, won't change the meaning of sentence.

It would still be understandable without the second and third "ones", and perhaps the "which".
One must require from each the duty each can perform.
I don't think you can remove anything else without destroying the meaning.

You could reverse the word order, but it would be a very awkward sentence:
The duty which each one can perform must be re

Yeah! You get my point! But, why would you say that it's awkward? So does it not fit the idiomatic?

The sentence to me sounds like a stilted political slogan.
The origin might be from the writings of Karl Marx, especially the first part of this famous quotation.

From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs.

They have the similar meaning. Maybe, Saint Exupéry is inspired by it.

It had occurred to me that it was a phrase translated from another language, but I did not recognize it. The Little Prince is another good book, like The Hobbit, which I last read many years ago.